Greatest Men بزرگترين مردان تاريخ

9. Li Po (701-762) - The greatest Chinese poet along with Tu Fu. He was a romantic in his view of life and in his verse. Li frequently celebrated the joy of drinking. He also wrote of friendship, solitude, the passage of time, and the joys of nature. Li Po is probably the best-known Chinese poet in the West. Li Po attracted the best translators and has influenced several generations of American poets, from Ezra Pound to James Wright. Translations of Li Po helped to establish a conversational, intimate tone in modern American poetry. Ezra Pound’s Cathay put him at the center of the revolution in modern verse.

1. Johannes Gutenberg (1390-1468) - He started a printing revolution in Europe with movable type (1440) and the printing press. Without an audience no book will be influential. Gutenberg’s invention spread the written word across Europe. Gutenberg’s first printing was the Bible in German, called the Gutenberg Bible.		1- گوتنبرگ (1390-1468) يوهان گوتنبرگ در سال 1440 انقلاب صنعت نشر را در اروپا با حروفچيني و پرس چاپ آغاز كرد. بدون خوانندگان، هيچ كتابي موثر نيست. اختراع گوتنبرگ كلام مكتوب را در سراسر اروپا منتشر كرد. نخستين كتاب چاپي او انجيل بود كه بنام انجيل گوتنبرگ شهرت يافت.
2. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) - He is generally regarded as the greatest writer who ever lived. He wrote in Middle English. More than any author, Shakespeare has been translated into other languages and his works have been read and performed in many countries to this day. Generations of playwrights have studied his works and have attempted to emulate his literary virtues. One of his greatest plays, Hamlet has been quoted and analysed more than any other.		2 - ويليام شكسپير(1564-1616) شكسپير را عموما بعنوان بزرگترين نويسنده اي كه به عرصه وجود پاي نهاد ميشناسند. او به زبانانگليسي قرون وسطي مي نوشت. آثار او بيش از هر مولف ديگري ترجمه شده و در بسياري كشورها، كارهايش تا اين زمان خوانده و اجرا شده است. نسلهاي نمايشنامه نويسان كارهايش را بررسي كرده و كوشيده اند از او پيروي كنند. نمايشنامه هملت اوبيش از هر اثر ديگري تحليل و نقل شدهاست.
3. Homer (9th-8th? B.C.E.) - Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey in Greek, two epic poems that influenced a wide range of writers over the course of 2,800 years. The Iliad tells of the climax of the Trojan War between the Greeks and the Trojans. The Odyssey relates the travels of Odysseus during his years of wandering after the sack of Troy, and of his eventual return home to Ithaca and his slaying of the rapacious suitors of his faithful wife Penelope.All the classical Greek poets and playwrights were deeply influenced by Homer including Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristotle. The Roman authors regarded Homer’s poems as the standard of excellence. Virgil, probably the greatest Roman poet, modelled his masterpiece, the Aeneid, after the Iliad and the Odyssey. No author in history has had such a widespread and long-continued influence.		3 - هومر (قرن 8 يا 9 قبل از ميلاد) دو شعر حماسي ايلياد و اوديسه او 2800 سال است كه الهامبخش طيف وسيعي از نويسندگان بوده است. داستان ايلياد به نقطه اوج جنگ يونانيان و شهر تروآ مي پردازد. حماسه اوديسه داستان سفر و سرگرداني اوديسه بعد از فتح تروآ، بازگشتش به ميهن و كشتار خواستگاران همسرباوفايش پنه لوپ است. همه شاعران و نمايشنامه نويسان كلاسيك يونان عميقا اتحت تاثير هومر بوده اند: از جمله سوفوكل، اوريپيد و ارسطو. نويسندگان روم كار هومر را استاندارد اعلا ميشمردند و ساختار آنئيد، شاهكار ويرژيل ، سرآمد شاعران رم بر اساس ايلياد و اوديسه است. تاثير هيچ شاعري باندازه هومر عميق و ديرپا نبوده است.
4. Krsna Dvaipayana Vyasa (c. 550 B.C.E.) - Vyasa means “compiler” or “arranger” indicating that he was probably no more than an esteemed editor of the Mahabharata, one of the great sacred texts of Hinduism. Originally in Sanskrit, in its present form probably achieved between C.E. 350-500. The vast poem of 100,000 verses is arranged in 18 books, which appears to have grown to its present epic size over a period of 700 years. Like Valmiki, Vyasa appears as an important character in his own poem. Unlike the Ramayana, however, Vyasa’s sprawling epic, which is eight times as long as the Iliad and Odyssey combined, has no pretensions to an aesthetically unified structure. Both the chief episodes and the subsidiary narratives have been a fertile source of themes for generations of poets and artists. The most famous section of the poem is a long dialogue between Arjuna, the hero of the epic, and his charioteer Krishna, an avatar (incarnation or form) of Vishnu (one of the primary gods of Hinduism). This section is often reprinted separately as the Bhagavad Gita (”Song of the Blessed Lord”) and is the great devotional classic of Hinduism.		4 - كريشنا دوايپايانا وياسا 550 سال قبل از ميلاد وياسا بمعناي گردآوري كننده يا ويراستار است و شايد او از ويراستاران ماها بهاراتا كتاب مقدس هندوئيسم بوده كه در 350 تا 500 قبل از ميلاد از سانسكريت به شكل كنوني درآمده و ويراسته شده است. اين كتاب 18 جلدي شامل 100000 بيت شعر است كه طي 700 سال تدوين شد. بنظر ميرسد كه مانند والميكي، وياسا شخصيت مهم در شعر خود اوبوده ولي شعر حماسي وياسا،كه هشت برابر ايلياد و اوديسه است، برخلاف رامايانا فاقد يك ساختار زيباشناختي واحد و منسجم است. اپيزود اصلي كتاب و داستانهاي تفصيلي آن ، سرچشمه اي پايان ناپذير براي الهامبخشي به نسلهاي بعدي شاعران و نويسندگان و هنرمندان بوده است. مهمترين بخش اين شعر درباره گفتگوي قهرمان حماسه، ارجونا، با ويشنو يكي از خدايان هندوئيسم مي باشد كه به شكل كريشنا ارابه ران او ظاهر گرديده است. اين بخش كتاب غالبا بنام بهاگواد گيتا معروفيت يافته كه به معناي سرود خداي تبارك و بزرگترين نيايش كلاسيك مذهبي هندوئيسم است.
5. Virgil; Latin name - Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 B.C.E.) - He was the greatest Roman poet. His masterpiece is the Aeneid in Latin. He also composed Georgics and the Ecolgues. His works quickly established themselves as classics of Latin poetry and exerted great influence on later classical and post-classical literature. The Aeneid relates the wanderdings of the Trojan hero Aeneas after the fall of Troy, his love affair with the Carthaginian queen Dido, his visit to his dead father Anchises in the underworld, his arrival in Italy, and his eventual victory over the hostile Italian peoples led by Turnus.		5 - ويرژيل (70 تا 19 قبل از ميلاد) بزرگترين سراينده روم و شاهكارش آنئيد بزبان لاتين است. او سراينده Georgics و Ecolgues نيز بوده وكارهايش سريعا به مقام آثار كلاسيك رومي درآمد و بر ادبيات بعدي كلاسيك و پس از آن اثري عميق گذاشت. داستان آنئيد نيز درباره سرگرداني هاي آنئاس قهرمان جنگ تروآ و عشق او به ديدو، شهبانوي كارتاژ، و ديدار روح پدر در برزخ و بازگشتش به ايتاليا است كه در نهايت به جنگ و پيروزي او بر دشمن مردم ايتاليا ختم گرديد.
6. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) - He wrote the Divine Comedy, one of the greatest epic poems in history. His masterpiece tells of his spiritual journey, in the form of an imagined visit to Hell and Purgatory with Virgil as guide and finally to Paradise with Beatrice, now a blessed spirit, as guide. He is considered the founding figure of Italian literature. His innovative use of Italian did much to establish a vernacular literature; his Latin treatise De Vulgari Eloquentia (c. 1303) promoted vernacular Italian as a literary language fit to replace Latin.		6 - دانته آليگيري (1265-1321) دانته كتاب كمدي الهي را نوشت كه بزرگترين حماسه تاريخ است. اين شاهكار دانته سفرنامه اي از سير و سلوك روحاني در عوالم دوزخ و برزخ به هدايت ويرژيل است كه به بهشت ميرسد و از آنپس در سايه هدايت بئاتريس قرار مي يابدكه روح پاك است. دانته بنيان گذار ادبيات ايتاليا شناخته شده و نوآوري او در زبان ايتاليائي به تاسيس يك مكتب ملي ادبي منجر شد. كتاب او بنام فصاحت عوام مادر زبان ادبي ايتاليائي بود كه جانشين زبان لاتين گرديد
7. Valmiki - (c. 550 B.C.E.) The Sanskrit epic poem Ramayana (the Way of Rama) by Valmiki is the oldest literary version of the tale of the exile and adventures of Prince Rama, a story that was known from Indian folk traditions as early as the seventh century B.C.E. All we know about Valmiki is gleaned from legends about the circumstances that led him to compose the Ramayana, a work of 24,000 verses, divided into seven “books,” called kanda. It is probable that, like Homer, he gathered and shaped the scattered material of many oral traidtions into the poetic whole that we read today. Valmiki’s Ramayana became the source for a multitutde of versions composed in all the major Indian languages over several centuries. The story has also been preserved in oral traditions by storytellers and continues to be enacted in countless regional folk theaters in India. It would be no exaggeration to say that the Rama story is the great story of Indian civilization, the one narrative that all Indians have known and loved through the ages and whose popularity remains undiminished to this day.Valmiki’s Ramayana and its later adaptations have been enjoyed by Indian audiences in forms as vastly different as religious plays, bedtime stories, and, most recently, “classic” comics and a television serial. Every year, all over India, millions of readers, listeners, and viewers weep at Rama’s exile and the death of Dasaratha, cheer as the monkey Hanuman leaps the sea to Lanka, share in Sita’s anguish as she climbs the pyre for her trial by fire, and rejoice at the death of Ravana.		7 - والميكي (550 قبل از ميلاد) شعر حماسي والميكي بزبان سانسكريت و با نام رامايانا (راه راما) كهن ترين روايت اديبانه از داستان سفر و ماجراهاي شاهزاده راما است كه در فولكلور مردم هند در 700 سال قبل از ميلاد پديدار شد. آنچه از والميكي ميدانيم محدود است به افسانه هائي درباره علل سرودن 24000 بيت شعر در كتاب هفت جلدي رامايانا. شايد او هم مانندهومر داستانهاي پيشينيان را به رشته تحريردرآورد ولي بهرحال، در قرون بعد، رامايانا به همه زبانهاي هندي برگردانده شده است. رامايانا به شكل نقالي نيز سينه به سينه منتقل ميشده و در تئاترهاي توده اي هند اجرا مي شده است. اغراق نيست كه بگوئيم داستان راما بازتاب تمدن هندوستان است زيرا همه مردم هند به آن چنان عشقي مي ورزند كه هرگز كاهش و كاستي نيافته است. رامايانا به اشكال بسيار گوناگوني جريان دارد: نمايشهاي مذهبي، افسانه هاي شبانگاهي، كمدي كلاسيك، و سريالهاي تلويزيوني. همه ساله در هند، ميليونها خواننده و شنونده و بيننده، براي رنجهاي راما و مرگ داساراتها مي گريند و از ماجراي پرش بوزينه هانومان بدرياي لانكا مشعوف مي شوند و در اندوه سيتا شريك ميشوند كه به آتش افكنده مي شود و از مرگ راوانا به شادماني ميرسند.
8. Du Fu (712-770) - He is the greatest Chinese poet along with Li Po. Tu combined keen observation of political and social forces with strong moral stature and consummate master of all verse forms. In 744 Tu Fu met Li Po, forming the basis for one of the world’s most famed literary friendships; the two poets devote a number of poems to each other. The inherent succinctness of Chinese pictograms influenced the characteristic compactness of Chinese poetry, which has been likened to the telegram. Chinese poets always stressed the lyrical heights of joy or depths of sorrow. In contrast to most other national literature, no lengthy epics or long narrative poems exist. Verse has been for many Chinese writers the medium for recording not only life’s moments of intense feeling and conviction, but the countless minor events and scenes of everyday existence as well. They have used it as writers of other cultures have used the diary, the autobiography, or the sketchbook. Broken Lines River so blue the birds seem to whiten. On the green mountainside flowers almost flame. Spring is dying yet again. Will I ever go home?		8 - تو فو (712-770) توفو، همطراز لي پو، بزرگترين شاعر چين است. توفو بينش تيزبين نيروهاي سياسي و اجتماعي را با اخلاقيات نيرومند و همه فرم هاي شعري در هم آميخت. ديدار توفو با لي پو در سال 744 به پيدايش مشهورترين دوستي اديبانه انجاميد و برخي از اشعار ايندو شاعر براي يكديگر بود. ويژگيِ تصويرنگارِ خطِ چيني اشعار چيني را كوتاه و فشرده كرد چنانكه مانند پيامهاي تلگرافي است. شاعران چين هميشه بر فرازهاي خوشي و ژرفاهاي اندوه تاكيد دارند. برخلاف ادبيات ملي اغلب ملت ها، اشعار حماسي بلند و افسانه هاي طولاني نمي سرايند. سروده هاي بسياري از نويسندگان چين، تنها براي ثبت احساسات شديد يا اعتقادات عميق نيست زيرا در مواردي بيشمار به صحنه ها و رويدادهاي جزئي در هستي روزمره مي پردازد، چنانكه نويسندگان در ساير فرهنگها، زندگينامه خويش را با جزئيات مي نويسند. خطوط شكسته رود آن سان آبي است، كه پرندگان نمايند سپيد سبزي دامنه كوهستان، گلها ست چو آتش افشان.
9. Li Po (701-762) - The greatest Chinese poet along with Tu Fu. He was a romantic in his view of life and in his verse. Li frequently celebrated the joy of drinking. He also wrote of friendship, solitude, the passage of time, and the joys of nature. Li Po is probably the best-known Chinese poet in the West. Li Po attracted the best translators and has influenced several generations of American poets, from Ezra Pound to James Wright. Translations of Li Po helped to establish a conversational, intimate tone in modern American poetry. Ezra Pound’s Cathay put him at the center of the revolution in modern verse. Watching the Waterfall at Lu Mountain Sunlight steams off purple mist from Incense Peak. Far off, the waterfall is a long hanging river flying straight down three thousand feet like the milky river of stars pouring from heaven.		9 - لي پو (701-762) لي پو همطراز توفو و بزرگترين شاعر چين است. در طندگي و نگارش، نگرشي عاشقانه داشت. باده و مي را مي ستود. آثار او درباره دوستي، تنهائي، گذر زمان، و خوشي هاي طبيعت است. در مغرب زمين، لي پو شناخته ترين شاعر چين مي باشد زيرا بهترين مترجمان را به برگرداندن آثار خود جلب كرد و نسهاي متعددي از شاعران آمريكا را ، از ازرا پاوند تا جيمز رايت، تحت تاثير خود گرفت. از ترجمه آثار لي پو بودكه لحن صميمانه و همصحبتي به شعر آمريكا وارد شد. در زبانهاي اروپائي، واژه Cathay نام بخشي از شمال چين است و ما در فارسي آنرا ختن و مردمش را ختائي مي ناميم و ازرا پاوند، شاعر بزرگ آمريكا، با سرودن شعري بنام "ختائي" بود كه در مركز و راس انقلاب شعري و ادبي آمريكا جاي گرفت.
10. Ovid or Publius Ovidus Naso (43 B.C.E. - 17 C.E.) - He is tradtionally ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. His poetry, much imitated during late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, had a decisive influence on European art and literature for centuries. Ovid’s most famous work is the Metamorphoses, an epic poem drawing on Greek mythology. From the emergence of the cosmos from formless mass into the organized material world to the deification of Julius Caesar many chapters later, the poem weaves tales of transformation. Ovid has inspired many of the greatest authors and artists in history including Shakespeare, Petrarch, Botticelli, Chaucer, Milton, Bernini, Rubens, Pushkin, and Joyce.		10 - اويد (43 قبل از ميلاد تا 17 بعد از آن) در رديف ويرژيل و هوراس، اويد يكي از سه شاعر رسمي و بدعتگزار ادبيات لاتين است. شعر او كه در قرون وسطي مقلدان بسيار يافت، طي چند قرن، تاثير قطعي بر هنر و ادب اروپا گذارد. مهمترين كار اويد حماسه اي از اساطير يونان بنام دگرديسي است كه از پيدايش آفرينش بدون شكل نخستين آغاز كند و دگرگوني هاي بعدي آن را به جهان سازمان يافته و بالاخره ظهور خدايگان ژوليوس سزار ، همچون مراحلي از تبديل بيان مي كند. اويد الهامبخش بسياري از شاعران و هنرمندان بوده است Shakespeare, Petrarch, Botticelli, Chaucer, Milton, Bernini, Rubens, Pushkin, and Joyce
11. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1342-1400) - Chaucer was the first important secular writer in England, the first influential writer in the English language, and the first English writer to broaden the subject matter of literature beyond the court and the cloister. He was germinal not only to the development of the English language but to the development of our view of the subjects that literature can treat and to our view of authorship. Chaucer was the first English person to emerge as an “author.” His greatest work is The Canterbury Tales, a series of poems in Middle English.		جفري چاوسر (1342-1400) چاوسر نخستين شاعر مهم و سكولار انگلستان است كه قلمرو ادبيات را از دربار و بساط روحانيون فراتر برد. او نه فقط گسترش زبان انگليسي را بنيان نهاد، بلكه نگرش و بينش كنوني ما را از تاليف و نويسندگي و اصولا مباحث وموضعات قلمرو ادبيات تعيين كرد. او اولين فردي است كه در انگلستان عنوان نويسنده را كسب كرد. كار بزرگ او افسانه هاي كانتربوري است كه مجموعه ي شعر قرون ميانه انگلستان است.